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The FDA approved a total of 37 new drugs in 2022, including 22 new molecular entities and 15 new biological products. This is the year with the lowest number of new drugs approved by the FDA since 2017. Among these approved drugs, 21 new drugs belong to the "first-in-class" category, accounting for 56% of the total approved drugs, which is the highest ratio in the past 10 years. Among the drugs approved in 2022, there are 5 small molecule kinase modulators, including the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) allosteric inhibitor deucravacitinib, the first oral pyruvate kinase (PK) activator mitapivat, the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) selective inhibitor abcrocitinib, the JAK2 selective inhibitor pacritinib and the broad-spectrum fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor futibatinib. This review briefly describes the discovery background, research and development process, synthesis routes and clinical efficacy and safety of small molecule kinase modulators approved by the FDA in 2022, hoping to provide ideas and methods for further research on kinase modulators.
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OBJECTIVE：To improve the level of pharmaceutical care，enhance the professional value and social status of pharmacists by clarifying the development process of pharmaceutical care and summarizing the value of pharmacists in pharmaceutical care. METHODS：The development process of pharmaceutical care at home and abroad（service objects，service contents and service methods）was summarized；the current situation of pharmaceutical care in China was analyzed；the value of pharmaceutical care were defined in respects of rational drug use，humanistic value and medical resources. The development of pharmaceutical care in the future was prospected. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The development of pharmaceutical care can be divided into three stages：“drug supply as the center”“promoting rational drug use as the center”and“patients as the center”，and the service objects，service contents and service methods in different stages are expanding and diversifying. Compared with developed countries，the overall level of pharmaceutical care in China lags behind，and there are differences in level of pharmaceutical care modes in hospitals at different levels. Pharmacists ensure the safety，effectiveness and economy of drug use through pharmaceutical care，and promote rational drug use；the compliance，quality of life and satisfaction of patients have been improved through pharmaceutical care；pharmacists participate in medical quality management to save medical and health resources through pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical care，as an important part of the medical and health system，plays an important and irreplaceable role in the medical process，which is suggested that the relevant government departments should fully understand the value of pharmaceutical care and further strengthen their support for pharmaceutical care；pharmaceutical staff should improve their self-cultivation and cooperate with other disciplines to achieve the sustainable development of hospital pharmacy in different regions and medical institutions.
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ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate youth soccer players' development in Amazonas state. Fifty-three young soccer players participated in this study (15,3?1,27 years). Participation History Questionnaire was used to investigate the different practice contexts that Amazonas soccer players were engaged during their development process (macro-structure of practice). We also observed three training sessions and calculated the time allotted for each type of training tasks used by the coach (training form, playing form and inactivity) (micro-structure of practice). It was possible to observe that soccer players from Amazonas state accumulated more time engaged in deliberate practice than deliberate play (p<0.001) and competition (p<0.001). We also observed that players had higher contact with decontextualized tasks (training form activities) during their training sessions. With this information, it can be concluded that these soccer players followed an early specialization pathway and didn't have contact with a more representative learning environment, in an attempt to improve the development of intelligent and creative players.
RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o processo de formação de jovens futebolistas amazonenses. Participaram do estudo 53 jovens futebolistas (15,3?1,27 anos) recrutados a partir de escolas e clubes futebol do Amazonas. Foi utilizado o Questionário do Histórico de Participação para identificar os contextos de prática em que os futebolistas mais estiveram engajados durante o seu processo de formação (macro-estrutura de prática) e foram filmadas três sessões de treino, visando contabilizar o tempo destinado para cada uma das categorias de tarefas utilizadas pelo treinador (training form, playing form and inactivity) (micro-estrutura de prática). Foi possível identificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os diferentes contextos de prática, onde os jogadores permaneceram um maior tempo engajados em uma prática deliberada, quando comparado com o jogo deliberado (p<0.001) e competição (p<0.001). Quanto às análises das sessões de treino, foi possível constatar que os jogadores tendem a ter mais contatos com tarefas descontextualizadas. Com essas informações, é possível concluir estes jogadores seguiram um percurso formativo caracterizado por uma iniciação esportiva precoce, bem como não tiveram acesso à contextos de treino representativos, de modo a potencializar a formação de jogadores inteligentes e criativos.
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Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Soccer , Adolescent , Education, Continuing , Play and Playthings , Teaching , Resistance Training , Athletes , Mentoring , LearningABSTRACT
The development process of acupuncture and moxibustion diagnosis and treatment institutions since the founding of the People's Republic of China is summarized and analyzed. The main forms of acupuncture and moxibustion diagnosis and treatment institutions have shifted from the individual, joint clinic and outpatient department of acupuncture and moxibustion in the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the present acupuncture and moxibustion departments in Chinese medicine hospitals and general hospitals.The construction and development of public and private acupuncture and moxibustion hospital and key specialty of acupuncture and moxibustion fully expand the clinical application of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. In the future, the development of acupuncture and moxibustion diagnosis and treatment institutions should highlight its own features to satisfy the requirements of different levels of society.
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Humans , Acupuncture , Acupuncture Therapy , China , Hospitals , MoxibustionABSTRACT
Objective To sort out the development history of disease control informatization in Hubei, and provide reference for the establishment of the "Hubei model" of disease control informatization. Methods To understand the development process through data access and site investigation. Result Hubei CDC has built a provincial and municipal two-level data center; built a full-coverage security network; built a full traceable immune planning system; built a provincial, city, and county three-level video conference system; established a professional disease Control the information team. Conclusion The "Hubei model" of disease control informationization has a solid foundation. It will adhere to the development concept of people as the core, business as the problem-oriented, big data as the means, multi-point trigger as the benchmark, and network security as the foundation. Play the role of technical support and information leadership in the control business.
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OBJECTIVE：To investigate the research status and hotspots of inhalation therapy for respiratory diseases in the world，and to provide reference for further development of the filed in China. METHODS ：All literatures about inhalation therapy for respiratory disease were retrieved from Web of Science database from the inception to Jan. 1st，2020. The retrieval result analysis function of Web of Science combined with visual analysis function of CiteSpace 5.1.R6SE software were used to analyze included literatures from respective of annual number of articles published ，countries，institutions，categories and co-cited authors ， so as to analyze the research situation in this field. The knowledge map of key words was drawn ，then cluster analysis and burst detection were carried out ，and the research hotspot and development process were analyzed. RESULTS ：A total of 1 385 literatures were included. From 1947 to 2020，the overall trend of annual number of articles published was on the rise. There were 66 countries involved in relevant research ，the United States was in the leading position （the number of articles published accounting for 33.79％ of total articles published ），followed by Germany and UK （the number of articles published accounting for 10.32％， 8.88％ of total articles published ），while Chinese number of articles published accounting for only 3.75％ of total articles published. Institutions involved in this research field included the respiratory diseases research institution ，comprehensive universities and national institute for occupational safety health ；top ranked institutions were Sydney University ，North Carolina University， Harvard University ， etc. The subject category involved molecular biology ， internal medicine ， pharmacology， engineering and other fields. A total of 749 authors were co-cited ，and the co-cited frequency of top two authors were 109，84 times respectively. Through the cluster analysis ，6 major researches hotspots were obtained in this field ，including the dosage form and technology design of inhaled drugs ，the mechanism of inhaled drugs ，the application of inhalation therapy for the obstructive diseases of respiratory system ，the application of inhalation therapy for the infectious diseases of respiratory system ，the application of inhalation therapy for the special population of respiratory diseases，and the risk factors in the application of inhalation （No.2017YFC0909900） therapy for respiratory diseases. Through the sudden detection ， it was found that in the early 1990s，the research in this field was very active ，and there were many research hotspots ；in the early 21st century ， there were several new research hotspots for a short time ，such as metered-dose inhaler ，aerosol，etc.；till the 2020s，there were many research hotspots ，such as nanoparticles，human trials ，etc. CONCLUSIONS ：Researches about inhalation therapy for the respiratory diseases are steadily increasing internationally ，while the researches in this field in China is still very limited. In the future ，our country can pay attention to the international research hotspot and direction in this field ，and further strengthen the exchanges and cooperation with other countries.
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To review the development history of the experimental animal acupoints. To analyze different historical periods, the names of animal acupoints, positioningmethods and references, it is believed that the understanding of experimental animal acupoints has gone through four stages, including initiation, accumulation, specification and standards. At the same time, some important events in the development of experimental animal acupoints were sorted out, including the publication of key papers, books, teaching materials, and the convening of important conferences. In addition, the significance of the above stages of development and the relationship between them were also analyzed to provide basic clues and evidence for the rational understanding of the characteristics and laws of experimental animals. It is concluded that the development of experimental animal acupoints has evolved from simple to complex, from fuzzy to precise.
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Animals , Acupuncture Points , Books , Cognition , MoxibustionABSTRACT
Objective:To enhance the functional safety of medical electrical equipment and reduce the risk to patient when using the medical electrical equipment.Methods: Theory and rationale introduction of functional safety and provide application cases.Results: Introduce the definition and application scope of functional safety standards IEC 61508, the determination of safety integrity level of functional safety in the Medical Electrical equipment, and the design structure and development, meanwhile show some application examples.Conclusion: Provide suggestions for the manufactures for safety design that introduce functional safety standards IEC 61508 to the development process of Medical Electrical equipment will help enhance the safety level of Medical Electrical equipment and reduce the unacceptable risk’s probability to patient.
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International experiences can provide evidences for general practitioners ( GPs) system building in China. The paper reviews the development of GP systems from several typical countries of different insurance sys-tems, including national health care systems, commercial medical insurance systems, and social medical insurance systems, etc. The factors that influence GPs systems are analyzed. It is found that the control force of health security system on health system, the control force of specialists on health system, the incentive mechanism of general prac-tice, and the development of general medicine influence the establishment of GPs systems. Finally, this paper pro-vide several policy implications:First, in order to meet the needs of public health, a GPs system with Chinese char-acteristics should be established;Second, the core values of general medicine should be promoted to provide public support for the establishment of a GPs system;Third, a sound incentive mechanism should be established for the de-velopment of a GPs system to improve the status of general practitioners;Fourth, the division of general practitioners and specialists should be promoted to improve the development of general medicine.
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Este artigo resgata o processo de elaboração da Política Nacional de Assistência Social de 2004, apresentando o contexto político em que foi elaborada e aprovada, os atores do processo e os embates teóricos travados. Para tanto, realizou-se revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas com testemunhas-chave e análise de conteúdo do tipo categorial. Foi possível compreender que a Política contou com um momento favorável, bem como com a participação de sujeitos da academia, da gestão e militantes. Embora seja um avanço, a Política Nacional de Assistência Social de 2004 faz parte de um processo ainda em construção.
This article demonstrates the development process of the 2004 Brazilian National Social Assistance, presenting the political context in which it was developed and approved, the key figures of the process and the theoretical debates established. Therefore, we made use of bibliographic review, documentary research and interviews with key witnesses of the case. For the analysis, we made use of categorical content analysis. It was possible to understand that the policy was approved in a good political time. The academia, managers and activists participated in that process. Although it is a breakthrough, the 2004 Brazilian National Social Assistance Policy is part of a process that is still under construction.
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Public Policy , Social WorkABSTRACT
Scientific research process evaluation is important for scientific research management in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) universities. We suggested the classification and refinement of the assessment form and the modifications of the evaluation index system, which could help improve the research process evaluation index for the TCM universities. Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the improved system. This provides reference for TCM universities to carry out the research process evaluation.
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Objetivo: Comprender cómo, durante el proceso de urbanización iniciado por la Compañía Urbanizadora el Prado en 1920, se construyó en Barranquilla un imaginario social que daba cuenta de altos niveles de salubridad en la ciudad en los años 30s como consecuencia de la puesta en marcha en 1929 de un moderno acueducto, pese a evidencias empíricas que mostraban que el nuevo servicio de agua no había impactado positivamente la mortalidad general e infantil por enfermedades hídricas durante la década posterior a su inauguración. Materiales y métodos: Desde la perspectiva de la Investigación Total se realizó un estudio descriptivo integrando las perspectivas metodológicas de la Historia y la Epide- miología, utilizando fuentes primarias y secundarias de tipo histórico y primario de tipo epidemiológico. Resultados: Los resultados empíricos sobre el comportamiento de la mortalidad mostraron que el acueducto inaugurado en 1929 no produjo impacto positivo alguno en las tasas de mortalidad general, infantil y específica por enfermedades hídricas, mientras que la revisión documental de carácter histórico, permitió construir argumentos para describir las razones que dieron origen al imaginario social del aumento de la salubridad como consecuencia de la puesta en marcha del nuevo acueducto. Conclusión: El mito histórico de buenos niveles de salubridad en la Barranquilla de los años 30s como consecuencia del suministro de agua por el acueducto inaugurado en 1929 resulta inaceptable desde una investigación total que conjuga la visión histórica y epidemiológica...
Objective: To understand how, during the process of urbanization initiated by the Compañía Urbanizadora el Prado in 1920, a social imaginary in Barranquilla was constructed. One that presented the high levels of wellness in the city in the 30's, as a result of the 1929 implementation of a modern aqueduct, in spite of empirical evidence which showed that the new water service had not had a positive impact on infantile mortality and general mortality due to water diseases during the decade after its inauguration. Materials and methods: From the perspective of the Total Research, a descriptive study was realized integrating the methodological perspectives from the History and the Epidemiology, using primary and secondary sources of historical type and primary of epidemiological type. Results: The empirical results on the behavior of the mortality showed that the aqueduct inaugurated in 1929 did not produce any positive impact in the rates of general, infantile and specific mortality for water diseases, whereas the revision of historical documents character, allowed to construct arguments to describe the reasons that gave origin to the social imaginary of the increase of wellness as consequence of the implementation of the new aqueduct. Conclusion: The historical myth of good levels of wellness in Barranquilla during the30s as consequence of the water supply from the aqueduct inaugurated in 1929 turns outto be unacceptable from a Total Research point of view that brings together the historical and epidemiological vision...